How I have joined …

How I have joined HMG Family – A Story

It was in the year 1990, I had seen a computer, first time in my life.

I was a commerce student, studying in a 100+ years old school in my home town Sivakasi (famous for fireworks ), Tamilnadu, Southern part of India. I was studying +2 (12th and final year in school). Once, the exams were over, it was time to join a College. Not to waste the exam holidays, one of my friends had asked me to accompany him for a part time computer course in a near by Polytechnic College. I told him, “Ok”. We joined that course which was for six months, conducted on Saturdays and Sundays. I studied some basics about computers and languages like BASIC, Pascal, COBOL and an introduction to Lotus 1-2-3, Wordstar and dBase III Plus.

After that I had joined a college and my main subject was Commerce. After finishing my Under Graduation degree in the year 1993, I had joined Chartered Accountancy Course. And, once I had finished this course in the year 1996, I joined my brother to manage our family business.

Even though there was a computer in our office, I was not allowed to touch that.  The reason was, at that time, computers (AT 386) were costlier and one cannot take the risk of losing precious data and computers were operated only by computer professionals.

In the year 1997, I had purchased a computer on my own, and started implementing something which I had studied some seven years back.

I had studied under the DOS environment and I had got Windows ’95 in my new system as my operating environment. Even though it was easy to operate, I could not do any programming. I had so much of works before hand and I was involved in them for about 1 year. It was a Costing project in Excel with about 150 sheets, everything interlinked. It was a nice experience. I had done some macro programming in Excel for introducing thousand’s comma according to Indian tradition.

In the year 1998, the computer professional who had programmed for the accounting, invoice processing and payroll processing for our business firm had gone for a better job. We could not create new reports according to the requirements and we had to play only with the old options. Only at that time, I had realized about the importance of Database programming. Having the knowledge of DBase III+ programming, I had started to write small utilities to take self configured reports from the existing tables. I had the reference of the source codes for the existing software. It was done in Clipper Summer ’87 version.

There is a saying, ‘Necessity is the mother of invention’. Yes. Necessity had driven me to do more and more programming. Actually, I had started staring huge prg files with various do while .not. eof() loops and virtually indefinite nested if … endif conditions. Once understood, I had the confidence of creating bigger software too. So, in addition to the accounting software, I had created order processing and inventory maintenance and integrated the same with the existing project.

It was in the mid, 1998, I could get an internet connection with a dial up modem. In the mean time, I had a dream of using GUI in my programming. I had tried Visual Basic. I could not link with my existing dbf tables and dropped. In the beginning, I misunderstood about OOPS and GUI. Actually I had an allergy over this OOPS, I don’t know why even now.  So, I had abandoned my dream  of GUI because of OOPS.

In the year 1999, while searching the net, I had come across a site called Oasis, a site which had shared source code/libraries for Clipper and many utilities. From that site, I had got an excellent library called Super. It had some assembly language routines too to capture mouse gestures and enabled Clipper code to be ‘RAT’ified. Apart from this mouse functionality, the library had so many small utilities like sorting multiple arrays, finding out Day of the week like that. Actually I had realized about the advantages of Open Source on seeing that library source codes. I had studied in depth, and I had known about optimization of codes, effective memory management, different routes to a same destination in programming etc.

With the SuperLib, I had changed all my projects to be mouse enabled, there by satisfying half of my dreams. However, I could not stop dreaming about creating a full fledged Windows program eliminating the dark DOS command box. As new versions of Windows came in the market, I was afraid that, one day there won’t be this DOS Command Box and all my programs would not be useful at all.

I was, why was? even now am, very fond of Open Source. In my system I don’t use any copyright protected software except the Windows Operating System. I would list all the open source software I use in a separate thread for all my requirements.

I had found out Harbour from the Oasis site I had already mentioned. I had tested a lot but could not use it because of SuperLib, as it could not be linked with Harbour.

I was in a confused state. I liked Harbour a lot because of its open nature. I could not abandon SuperLib too, since all of my projects were linked with this library. So, I was desperately searching for a GUI library (at least mouse enabled for Harbour).

On one fine day in my life, my search was fruitful.

I could even remember the date. It was 4th of October, 2002, I had downloaded Harbour MiniGUI and could create a window with my limited xBase programming knowledge. Hurray! I could not describe my feelings in words!

Immediately on compiling my hello world prg, I had commented in the yahoo group from where I had downloaded the 0.40 version of the library with the following words,

Dear Roberto,

It is wonderful to use your Harbour Minigui Library, an open
source library for Harbour.

Thank you very much for your sincere efforts.

I would like to make a small suggestion regarding text boxes.

Shall you please make provision for right aligning the text boxes
for numeric fields?

Thank you once again.

srgiri

From that day, Harbour MiniGUI page was literally my home page.  I read all the messages from various users of the library. It helped me a lot to understand programming, inside out of the library, even about calling C API.

I had happily started to convert all of my projects to HMG. As the product matured, all my projects were fully converted to HMG and I had seen my dream come true.

Most of my programs are used in-house. However, I had created software for many of my friends. I had earned some money from my programs too. As you know, my income is not based on programming, since basically I am a Chartered Accountant and managing business.

I wish to list some of my major HMG projects,

  1. PyroERP (an ERP software for manufacturing companies with accounting, inventory, order processing,payroll)
  2. PyroBase (a License maintenance software given to Explosives department, Government of India)
  3. FACE (Financial Accounting under Computer Environment)
  4. Interest(ing) Calculator (Calculate interesting part of interest for loans and deposits) – An open source product, hosted in Sourceforge.net.
  5. FBT Reference (Fringe Benefit Tax referencer)
  6. Phataka (A Cultural Event maintenance software used by local Rotary Club)
  7. DBU
  8. GSM Calculator

There are many tiny projects too. I am not listing them to show my talents. It shows the simplicity of HMG and my craze on HMG.

It is my nature, to escape from any politics. I wish to be good for all. During July 2005, when Roberto had decided to move on MingW and introduced HMG, MiniGUI Extended product had also born. I didn’t tell a word about anything in the group. I believe in Karma and thought, “if this happens, this is also for the good”.

I had actively participated in the yahoo group up to April, 2006 and kept silence after that.

However, I used HMG in a full fledged manner and I liked MingW version as Roberto distributed them. This is mainly because of the single installation of the whole thing (ie., MiniGUI library + Harbour Compiler + C Compiler) and full utilization of Open Source Software.

All the software projects listed above where developed by me during the period from 2004 till now. I too had contributed some parts like drawing pie graph, alternative syntax (with the valuable guidance of Roberto) (now Roberto had revamped in a better way!), Grid2Print which Roberto has accepted kindly.

Can you believe that this forum had been created in just 2 days time? On 29th of July 2008, I had asked Roberto, breaking my long silence, by an email about the need for a forum exclusively for HMG. Roberto also liked and generously accepted to guide and participate in the forum. On that day itself, I registered this domain hmgforum.com and installed PHPBB forum software and on 1st of August 2008, the forum was officially opened.

I am so HAPPY and PROUD to be part of the HMG family.

Thus, this story has a happy ending.

Sri Rathinagiri
Sivakasi, India

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Courtesy of author, this article borrowed from here.

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 the applicable national law. If the standard suite of rights
 granted under applicable copyright law includes additional
 rights not granted under this License, such additional rights
 are deemed to be included in the License; this License is not
 intended to restrict the license of any rights under applicable
 law.
Creative Commons Notice
Creative Commons is not a party to this License, and makes no warranty
whatsoever in connection with the Work. Creative Commons will not be
liable to You or any party on any legal theory for any damages
whatsoever, including without limitation any general, special,
incidental or consequential damages arising in connection to this
license. Notwithstanding the foregoing two (2) sentences, if Creative
Commons has expressly identified itself as the Licensor hereunder, it
shall have all rights and obligations of Licensor.
Except for the limited purpose of indicating to the public that the
Work is licensed under the CCPL, Creative Commons does not authorize
the use by either party of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any
related trademark or logo of Creative Commons without the prior
written consent of Creative Commons. Any permitted use will be in
compliance with Creative Commons' then-current trademark usage
guidelines, as may be published on its website or otherwise made
available upon request from time to time. For the avoidance of doubt,
this trademark restriction does not form part of the License.
Creative Commons may be contacted at http://creativecommons.org/.

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 2
====================================
Binary tools included in Harbour source repository
all use GNU GPL 2. Find it below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
 Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
 02111-1307, USA.
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
 TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
 parties under the terms of this License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
 the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
 customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
 received the program in object code or executable form with such
 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.

 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

 Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
 Copyright (C) 19yy <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
 This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
 under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
 `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989

 Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.
File : Harbour\COPYING.TXT

Superlib Read Me

This is the final released version of SuperLib.

It includes a library for Clipper 5.2d, complete source code,  Norton Guides, examples and an .RMK file.

The author no longer does any Clipper work of any kind, and hopes to stop recieving calls and e-mail from people wanting to purchase  Superlib.

This file may be redistributed to FTPs or other archives as long as this README.TXT file is included. Files included:

README.TXT : This file
LIB52.ZIP : Clipper 5.2 compiled .LIB file
SOURCE.ZIP : All the source code
SAMPLES.ZIP : Source and data files for all of the example programs
NG.ZIP : Norton Guides help file
SUP52.RMK : Rmake file for 5.2. You will almost certainly need to modify it

This product is now free, but still copyrighted by Garry A Prefontaine.

You may not charge for any part of this software.

You may use it without charge as long as you:

1. DOWNLOAD IT ON YOUR OWN DIME

2. DO NOT EXPECT ANY TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF ANY KIND

3. DO NOT EXPECT ANY UPGRADES OF ANY KIND (i.e. to 5.3 or VO)

4. AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING TERMS:

SuperLib is provided on an “AS IS” basis, with no implied warranty regarding merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Functional Software Inc. and the author Garry A Prefontaine, make no representations or warranties with respect to the contents hereof, and specifically disclaim any implied warranties. By using this software you agree that Functional Software Inc. and the author Garry A Prefontaine, will not be liable to you or any third party for any use of (or inability to use) this software, or for any damages (direct or indirect) whatsoever, even Functional Software Inc or the author Garry A Prefontaine, are apprised of the possibility of such damages occurring. In no event shall Functional Software Inc or the author Garry A Prefontaine be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage, including but not limited to special,
incidental, consequential or other damages. The entire risk related to the quality and performance of the program is on you.
 

Format of xBase Files

xBase File Format Description

xBase File Types

xBase File  Types and Extensions

Ext. File Type  Introduced or used by
.$$$ temporary file  dBASE III
.$db temporary file  dBASE IV
.act FoxDoc Action Diagrams  FoxPro
.app application object file  dBASE Appl. Generator
.app generated application  FoxPro
.bak Backup file  dBASE
.bar horizontal bar menu object file  dBASE Appl. Generator
.bin Binary files  dBASE
.bch batch process object file  dBASE Appl. Generator
.cac executable when caching on/off  dBASE IV
.cat catalog  dBASE III, IV
.cdx compound index  FoxPro
.ch header file  Clipper
.cht interface file for ChartMaster  dBASE
.clp compiler script file (clip list)  Clipper
.cmd command  dBASE – Waffle
.cod template source file  dBASE Appl. Generator
.cpt encrypted memo file  dBASE
.crp encrypted database  dBASE IV
.ctl control file  dBASE IV – Aldus Setup
.cvt backup file for CONVERTed database file  dBASE IV
.db configuration  dBASE
.db$ temporary file  dBASE
.db2 database  dBASE II
.db3 database  dBASE III
.dbf database file  dBASE – FoxPro
.dbk database backup  dBASE IV
.dbo compiled program  dBASE IV
.dbt FoxBASE+ style memo  FoxPro
.dbt memo file for database w/same name  dBASE – Clipper
.def Definitions list  dBASE
.dif Data Interchange Format. For APPEND FROM, COPY  dBASE – VisiCal
.doc Documentation text file  dBASE Appl. Generator
.fil files list object file  dBASE Appl. Generator
.fky macro file  FoxPro
.fmo compiled format file  dBASE IV
.fmt format file  dBASE – FoxPro – Clipper
.fp configuration file  FoxPro
.fpc catalog  FoxPro
.fpt memo  FoxPro
.fr3 renamed dBASE III+ form file  dBASE IV
.frg uncompiled report file, code fragment file  dBASE IV
.frm report file  dBASE – Clipper
.fro compiled report file  dBASE IV
.frt report memo  FoxPro
.frx report  FoxPro
.fw2 Framework spreadsheet or database file  Framework – dBASE
.fxp compiled format  FoxPro
.gen compiled template  dBASE Appl. Generator
.idx index (many)  FoxPro
.ind include index  dBASE IV
.inx index  FoxBase
.key Key macro library  dBASE
.lbg label generator data  dBASE IV
.lbl label  dBASE – Clipper
.lbo compiled label  dBASE IV
.lbt label memo  FoxPro
.lbx label  FoxPro
.ld1 overlay file  dBASE
.log Transaction log file  dBASE
.mbk multiple index file backup  dBASE IV
.mdx multiple index file  dBASE IV
.mem memory variable save file  dBASE – FoxPro
.mnt menu memo  FoxPro
.mnx menu  FoxPro
.mpr generated program  FoxPro
.mpx compiled menu program  FoxPro
.ndx index file  dBASE
.npi source for DGEN.EXE interpreter  dBASE Appl. Generator
.ntx index file  Clipper
.pjt project memo  FoxPro
.pjx project  FoxPro
.plb library  FoxPro
.pll pre-linked library  Clipper
.plt pre-linked transfer file  Clipper
.pop pop-up menu object  dBASE Appl. Generator
.ppo pre-processor output  Clipper
.pr2 printer driver  dBASE IV
.pr3 PostScript printer driver  dBASE IV
.prf printer driver  dBASE IV
.prg program source file  dBASE – FoxPro – Clipper
.prs procedure  dBASE IV
.prt Print dump  dBASE
.prx compiled program  FoxPro
.qbe saved query (Query By Example)  dBASE IV – Quattro Pro
.qbo compiled query  dBASE IV
.qpr generated query program  FoxPro
.qpx compiled query program  FoxPro
.qry query  dBASE IV
.res dBASE resources  dBASE IV
.rpd Rapid file. For IMPORT/EXPORT,APPEND  FROM, COPY  dBASE
.sc3 renamed dBASE III screen mask file  dBASE IV
.scr screen – screen snapshot  dBASE IV
.sct screen memo  FoxPro
.scx screen  FoxPro
.spr generated screen program  FoxPro
.spx compiled screen program  FoxPro
.str structure list object file  dBASE Appl. Generator
.t44 Temporary file for Sort or Index  dBASE IV
.tbk memo backup  dBASE IV – FoxPro
.tvf table view settings  dBASE
.upd update data  dBASE
.upo compiled update data  dBASE
.val values list object file  dBASE Appl. Generator
.vew view file  Clipper, Lotus Approach
.vue view  dBASE IV – FoxPro
.w44 temporary file for Sort or Index  dBASE
.wfm form object  dBASE Form Designer
.win window file  FoxPro – dBASE

Source :  http://www.clicketyclick.dk/databases/xbase/format/index.html

Notes:

–          Such a list can’t be perfect. Some item may be obsolete / forgotten and something may not exist when this list compiled.

–          “Clipper” may not include all versions of Clipper.

–          Most of Clipper files are supported by Harbour.

HbRun

HbRun is a console interpreter and program ( command file / script file / .prg / .hrb ) runner for the Harbour Language.

Addendum: a clarification by Przemek:

HBRUN is a simple wrapper to Harbour compiler so the same syntax as in
Cl*pper is supported:

DO <filename>[.prg]

only .prg is accepted as extension and it’s default so you do not
have to set it explicitly.

( In Harbour Users Google group, under “hbmk2 and the Dot Prompt” topic:

It can work as interpreter when invoked without parameters or can execute xBase / Harbour source code in .prg file or compiled Harbour Portable Objects (.hrb) file given as parameter.

Type of file is recognized by extension used with <file> parameter. If not given then .hrb is used.

In other words, HbRun can be use in both interpret  and batch mode.

Regarding parameter given or not, when calling HbRun this ‘mode’ determined by program itself. If a parameter ( usually a .prg or .hrb file name ) given, program run in ‘batch’ mode, runs (executes) given script file and end. If no parameter given, program enter interpreter mode.

Using HbRun as an interpreter, may be very useful, productive, and educative for xBase programmers. Too many xBase programmers was learned everything, including   DBF file system and xBase programming language by famous “dot prompt”. Today many xBase programmers uses HbRun daily basis.

When HbRun begin, open a console screen with two basic area: status bars at top and dot prompt line at bottom.

Status bars :

 hbrunStatLines

Dot prompt is quite simple visually: a dot and a  line in inverse color beginning with a blinking cursor :

 hbRunDotPrompt

You may enter here a command to see the result.

For example “DIR” command will give a list of database (.dbf) files in current directory:

hbRun_Dir

SET COLO TO “GR+/N” command will remember you old days :

hbRun_Dir2

The DIR command can be used with DOS style “filter / skeleton” parameter :

DIR *.PRG
DIR *.*

etc.

Inspecting any table ( .dbf file ) is very simple:

USE CLIENTS
BROWSE ()

 hbrunBrowse

 Expand a little:

SET COLO TO “GB+/N”
USE CLIENTS
BROWSE( 3, 10, 24, 60 )

hbrunBrowse2

If you plan to use this snap frequently, make a .prg file (say brwclien.prg) with this three line and run it with DO command:

DO BRWCLIEN

Sometime LIST command may be better:

LIST CL_ID, CLI_SNAM, CLI_NAME, CLI_TLF

hbrun_list

 You can add FOR clause to the LIST command:

LIST CL_ID, CLI_SNAM, CLI_NAME, CLI_TLF FOR RECN() < 10

or

LIST CL_ID, CLI_SNAM, CLI_NAME, CLI_TLF FOR EMPTY( CLI_TLF )

The structure info of a table frequently requires while daily work to xBase Programmers.

Here three small programs for obtain structure info of a table. Usage is quite simple: open ( USE ) your table and enter DO <prgFileName>; for example:

USE CLIENT
DO LISTSTRU
or
DO DISPSTRU
or
DO SAVESTRU

 Notes :

–      To avoid some possible screen metric conflicts caused by default console (DOS box) settings of OS, may be useful some adjusting before invoke HbRun; such as:

MODE CON LINES=48 COLS=128

–       “?” command may be useful as a built-in calculator :

? 2*2           // 4
? 2**8          // 256
? SQRT( 81 )    // 9

–      HbRun keep a “history” for commands entered (for a limited count of commands of course). You can access (and re-enter when required) by using up and down keys. Moreover this history may be usable after re-invoke HbRun.

–      Though Harbour Language is essential, some legal Harbour commands / functions may be un-recognizable by HbRun.

–      Though some legal statements works in interpret mode, may not works in batch mode (such as Browse() ).

Last Note : No further explanation required for experienced xBase programmers; try, see and learn.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Examples :

 
/*
 DispStru.prg 

 Display structure of current table ( .dbf file ) on screen.

*/
MEMVAR ASTRUCT, NTOTLEN
IF EMPTY( ALIAS() )
   SETCOLOR( "R/N" )
   ? "No active table in the current work area !", LTRIM( STR( SELECT() ) )
ELSE 
   @ 3, 0 CLEA TO MAXROW() - 1, MAXCOL()
   aStruct := DBSTRUCT()
   nTotLen := 1
   AEVAL( aStruct, { | a1Field | nTotLen += a1Field[ 3 ] } )
   AEVAL( aStruct, { | a1Field, n1FieldNo | ;
   aStruct[ n1FieldNo ] := STR( n1FieldNo, 3 ) + " " +;
                           PADR( a1Field[ 1 ], 12 ) +;
                           PADC( a1Field[ 2 ], 4 ) +;
                           PADL( a1Field[ 3 ], 5 ) +;
                           PADL( a1Field[ 4 ], 3 ) } )
   ? "Structure of database :", DBINFO( 10 )
   ? "Number of data records :", LTRIM( STR( LASTREC() ) )
   ? "Date of last update :", LUPDATE()
   ? "Fld Name Type Width Dec"
   ? "--- ---------- ---- ----- ---"
   @ 21,0 SAY "** Total ** " + PADL( nTotLen, 6 )
   ACHOICE( 8, 0, 20, 30, aStruct ) 
ENDIF
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/*
 ListStru.prg 

 List structure of current table ( .dbf file ) on screen.

*/
MEMVAR ASTRUCT, NTOTLEN
IF EMPTY( ALIAS() )
   SETCOLOR( "R/N" )
   ? "No active table in the current work area !", LTRIM( STR( SELECT() ) )
ELSE 
   @ 3, 0 CLEA TO MAXROW() - 1, MAXCOL()
   aStruct := DBSTRUCT()
   nTotLen := 1
   AEVAL( aStruct, { | a1Field | nTotLen += a1Field[ 3 ] } ) 
   AEVAL( aStruct, { | a1Field, n1FieldNo | ;
   aStruct[ n1FieldNo ] := STR( n1FieldNo, 3 ) + " " +;
                           PADR( a1Field[ 1 ], 12 ) +;
                           PADC( a1Field[ 2 ], 4 ) +;
                           PADL( a1Field[ 3 ], 5 ) +;
                           PADL( a1Field[ 4 ], 3 ) } )
   ? "Structure of database :", DBINFO( 10 )
   ? "Number of data records :", LTRIM( STR( LASTREC() ) )
   ? "Date of last update :", LUPDATE()
   ? "Fld Name Type Width Dec"
   ? "--- ---------- ---- ----- ---"
   AEVAL( aStruct, { | c1Field | QOUT( c1Field ) } ) 
   ? "** Total ** ", PADL( nTotLen, 5 )
ENDIF
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/*
SaveStru.prg

 Save structure of current table ( .dbf file ) to a file.

 Notes :

 - This program uses ListStru.prg
 - Name of target file constructed at line 18; 
   if required you may use alternate ways or
   simply using a constant.
*/
MEMVAR AlteFName
IF EMPTY( ALIAS() )
   SETCOLOR( "R/N" )
   ? "No active table in the current work area !", LTRIM( STR( SELECT() ) )
ELSE 
   AlteFName := LEFT( ALIAS(), 4 ) + "STRU" 
   SET ALTE TO &AlteFName
   SET ALTE ON
   DO LISTSTRU
   SET ALTE OFF
   SET ALTE TO
ENDIF
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The secrets of array handling, part 2.

The secrets of array handling Part – 2

Linker Terms

Dynamic Overlay :

Allows a module’s code to be divided into pages to be brought into and out of memory on a least recently used basis.

Freeformat :

The suggested command interface for .RTLink, allowing you to specify linker commands in any order on the command line. It is easier to create, examine and change FREEFORMAT command lines. It is compatible with the Plink86-Plus syntax.

Group :

An Intel 8086 addressing classification defining a collection of segments to be addressed using the same segment register. Note that a group is not a section but rather a logical concept used only for addressing.

Incremental Linking :

The ability to link only the modules of an application that have been changed, greatly increasing the speed in which the link occurs.

See Also: Linking, Module

Library :

A file containing one or more object modules. Modules are extracted by linker and combined with object files to form an executable (.EXE) file or a prelink library (.PLL) file.

Linking :

The process in which object files and libraries are combined and references are resolved to produce a relocatable memory image (generally, an executable).

Map File (.MAP) :

The map file (.MAP) contains information about symbol and segment addresses within the memory image created by .RTLink. It is generated when requested through the use of the appropriate command line switch. A map file generated during a link will have much more information than one produced during the creation of a prelinked library. During the .PLL creation, only symbols, names, and some relative addresses are known. During a link, the final memory layout is known, and a more detailed map can be created.

Module :

A portion of the object code that is a discrete unit. If any part of a module is linked, the entire module must be linked.

Overlay :

A section of an executable program that shares memory with other sections of the same program. An overlay is read into memory when the code residing in it is requested by the root (nonoverlayed) section or another overlay.

See Also: Dynamic Overlay

Positional :

The POSITIONAL command interface requires that certain items appear on the input line in a specific order. This syntax is similar to Microsoft LINK interface. Because this syntax limits the use of .RTLink overlays to one overlay area, it is recommended that the FREEFORMAT syntax be used.

Prelinked Library :

Part of the executable program that is stored external to the .EXE file. Prelinked libraries are created before producing an executable in a multistep link. This allows you to create a runtime library with code that you access from different programs, considerably speeding up the linking process.

Root :

A special section of the program that has the lowest address of all sections. This is the first section of the program loaded into memory by DOS or the RTLINKST.COM startup code. Other sections are loaded by the overlay manager.

Section :

Load module portion of an .EXE or .OVL file loaded into memory as a single unit. In a program with overlays, the root section containing the main program module loads when the program is executed. Other sections are loaded as overlays when modules within them are invoked.

See Also: Dynamic Overlay, Linking

Segment :

Code or data handled by the linker as a indivisible unit.

Static Overlay :

A section of the program that is not always resident in RAM, and shares memory with other sections. The section that is currently in use is loaded into memory, allowing a larger program to execute in less available RAM.

Swapfile :

Also known as the workfile, used by .RTLink to swap data and code in and out of memory during the linking process.

Symbol :

An assigned name for a value representing a constant or the address of code or data. There are four types of symbols used by the linker defined as follows:

. Absolute symbol: a constant

. Relative symbol: address of code or data

. Public symbol: accessed by modules other than the module in which they are defined. Public symbols are used to share procedures and variables between modules. As such, the relative address of a public symbol is assigned by the compiler during compilation.

. External symbol: a public symbol not defined in the current module. Generally, these are references into CLIPPER.LIB or EXTEND.LIB, but the compiler generates them whenever there is a procedure or user-defined function referenced but not compiled into the current module.

Undefined Symbol :

An unresolved symbol) that was never declared public by a module, but which is referenced by another module. After the public symbol definition is encountered, the symbol becomes defined (resolved). When a symbol is referenced, but not defined, it is said to be undefined.

Workfile :

See : Swapfile