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How I have joined …
How I have joined HMG Family – A Story
It was in the year 1990, I had seen a computer, first time in my life.
I was a commerce student, studying in a 100+ years old school in my home town Sivakasi (famous for fireworks ), Tamilnadu, Southern part of India. I was studying +2 (12th and final year in school). Once, the exams were over, it was time to join a College. Not to waste the exam holidays, one of my friends had asked me to accompany him for a part time computer course in a near by Polytechnic College. I told him, “Ok”. We joined that course which was for six months, conducted on Saturdays and Sundays. I studied some basics about computers and languages like BASIC, Pascal, COBOL and an introduction to Lotus 1-2-3, Wordstar and dBase III Plus.
After that I had joined a college and my main subject was Commerce. After finishing my Under Graduation degree in the year 1993, I had joined Chartered Accountancy Course. And, once I had finished this course in the year 1996, I joined my brother to manage our family business.
Even though there was a computer in our office, I was not allowed to touch that. The reason was, at that time, computers (AT 386) were costlier and one cannot take the risk of losing precious data and computers were operated only by computer professionals.
In the year 1997, I had purchased a computer on my own, and started implementing something which I had studied some seven years back.
I had studied under the DOS environment and I had got Windows ’95 in my new system as my operating environment. Even though it was easy to operate, I could not do any programming. I had so much of works before hand and I was involved in them for about 1 year. It was a Costing project in Excel with about 150 sheets, everything interlinked. It was a nice experience. I had done some macro programming in Excel for introducing thousand’s comma according to Indian tradition.
In the year 1998, the computer professional who had programmed for the accounting, invoice processing and payroll processing for our business firm had gone for a better job. We could not create new reports according to the requirements and we had to play only with the old options. Only at that time, I had realized about the importance of Database programming. Having the knowledge of DBase III+ programming, I had started to write small utilities to take self configured reports from the existing tables. I had the reference of the source codes for the existing software. It was done in Clipper Summer ’87 version.
There is a saying, ‘Necessity is the mother of invention’. Yes. Necessity had driven me to do more and more programming. Actually, I had started staring huge prg files with various do while .not. eof() loops and virtually indefinite nested if … endif conditions. Once understood, I had the confidence of creating bigger software too. So, in addition to the accounting software, I had created order processing and inventory maintenance and integrated the same with the existing project.
It was in the mid, 1998, I could get an internet connection with a dial up modem. In the mean time, I had a dream of using GUI in my programming. I had tried Visual Basic. I could not link with my existing dbf tables and dropped. In the beginning, I misunderstood about OOPS and GUI. Actually I had an allergy over this OOPS, I don’t know why even now. So, I had abandoned my dream of GUI because of OOPS.
In the year 1999, while searching the net, I had come across a site called Oasis, a site which had shared source code/libraries for Clipper and many utilities. From that site, I had got an excellent library called Super. It had some assembly language routines too to capture mouse gestures and enabled Clipper code to be ‘RAT’ified. Apart from this mouse functionality, the library had so many small utilities like sorting multiple arrays, finding out Day of the week like that. Actually I had realized about the advantages of Open Source on seeing that library source codes. I had studied in depth, and I had known about optimization of codes, effective memory management, different routes to a same destination in programming etc.
With the SuperLib, I had changed all my projects to be mouse enabled, there by satisfying half of my dreams. However, I could not stop dreaming about creating a full fledged Windows program eliminating the dark DOS command box. As new versions of Windows came in the market, I was afraid that, one day there won’t be this DOS Command Box and all my programs would not be useful at all.
I was, why was? even now am, very fond of Open Source. In my system I don’t use any copyright protected software except the Windows Operating System. I would list all the open source software I use in a separate thread for all my requirements.
I had found out Harbour from the Oasis site I had already mentioned. I had tested a lot but could not use it because of SuperLib, as it could not be linked with Harbour.
I was in a confused state. I liked Harbour a lot because of its open nature. I could not abandon SuperLib too, since all of my projects were linked with this library. So, I was desperately searching for a GUI library (at least mouse enabled for Harbour).
On one fine day in my life, my search was fruitful.
I could even remember the date. It was 4th of October, 2002, I had downloaded Harbour MiniGUI and could create a window with my limited xBase programming knowledge. Hurray! I could not describe my feelings in words!
Immediately on compiling my hello world prg, I had commented in the yahoo group from where I had downloaded the 0.40 version of the library with the following words,
Dear Roberto,
It is wonderful to use your Harbour Minigui Library, an open
source library for Harbour.
Thank you very much for your sincere efforts.
I would like to make a small suggestion regarding text boxes.
Shall you please make provision for right aligning the text boxes
for numeric fields?
Thank you once again.
srgiri
From that day, Harbour MiniGUI page was literally my home page. I read all the messages from various users of the library. It helped me a lot to understand programming, inside out of the library, even about calling C API.
I had happily started to convert all of my projects to HMG. As the product matured, all my projects were fully converted to HMG and I had seen my dream come true.
Most of my programs are used in-house. However, I had created software for many of my friends. I had earned some money from my programs too. As you know, my income is not based on programming, since basically I am a Chartered Accountant and managing business.
I wish to list some of my major HMG projects,
- PyroERP (an ERP software for manufacturing companies with accounting, inventory, order processing,payroll)
- PyroBase (a License maintenance software given to Explosives department, Government of India)
- FACE (Financial Accounting under Computer Environment)
- Interest(ing) Calculator (Calculate interesting part of interest for loans and deposits) – An open source product, hosted in Sourceforge.net.
- FBT Reference (Fringe Benefit Tax referencer)
- Phataka (A Cultural Event maintenance software used by local Rotary Club)
- DBU
- GSM Calculator
There are many tiny projects too. I am not listing them to show my talents. It shows the simplicity of HMG and my craze on HMG.
It is my nature, to escape from any politics. I wish to be good for all. During July 2005, when Roberto had decided to move on MingW and introduced HMG, MiniGUI Extended product had also born. I didn’t tell a word about anything in the group. I believe in Karma and thought, “if this happens, this is also for the good”.
I had actively participated in the yahoo group up to April, 2006 and kept silence after that.
However, I used HMG in a full fledged manner and I liked MingW version as Roberto distributed them. This is mainly because of the single installation of the whole thing (ie., MiniGUI library + Harbour Compiler + C Compiler) and full utilization of Open Source Software.
All the software projects listed above where developed by me during the period from 2004 till now. I too had contributed some parts like drawing pie graph, alternative syntax (with the valuable guidance of Roberto) (now Roberto had revamped in a better way!), Grid2Print which Roberto has accepted kindly.
Can you believe that this forum had been created in just 2 days time? On 29th of July 2008, I had asked Roberto, breaking my long silence, by an email about the need for a forum exclusively for HMG. Roberto also liked and generously accepted to guide and participate in the forum. On that day itself, I registered this domain hmgforum.com and installed PHPBB forum software and on 1st of August 2008, the forum was officially opened.
I am so HAPPY and PROUD to be part of the HMG family.
Thus, this story has a happy ending.
Sri Rathinagiri
Sivakasi, India
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Courtesy of author, this article borrowed from here.
Harbour Copying
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If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.> Copyright (C) 19yy <name of author> This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. File : Harbour\COPYING.TXT
Superlib Read Me
This is the final released version of SuperLib.
It includes a library for Clipper 5.2d, complete source code, Norton Guides, examples and an .RMK file.
The author no longer does any Clipper work of any kind, and hopes to stop recieving calls and e-mail from people wanting to purchase Superlib.
This file may be redistributed to FTPs or other archives as long as this README.TXT file is included. Files included:
README.TXT : This file
LIB52.ZIP : Clipper 5.2 compiled .LIB file
SOURCE.ZIP : All the source code
SAMPLES.ZIP : Source and data files for all of the example programs
NG.ZIP : Norton Guides help file
SUP52.RMK : Rmake file for 5.2. You will almost certainly need to modify it
This product is now free, but still copyrighted by Garry A Prefontaine.
You may not charge for any part of this software.
You may use it without charge as long as you:
1. DOWNLOAD IT ON YOUR OWN DIME
2. DO NOT EXPECT ANY TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF ANY KIND
3. DO NOT EXPECT ANY UPGRADES OF ANY KIND (i.e. to 5.3 or VO)
4. AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
SuperLib is provided on an “AS IS” basis, with no implied warranty regarding merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Functional Software Inc. and the author Garry A Prefontaine, make no representations or warranties with respect to the contents hereof, and specifically disclaim any implied warranties. By using this software you agree that Functional Software Inc. and the author Garry A Prefontaine, will not be liable to you or any third party for any use of (or inability to use) this software, or for any damages (direct or indirect) whatsoever, even Functional Software Inc or the author Garry A Prefontaine, are apprised of the possibility of such damages occurring. In no event shall Functional Software Inc or the author Garry A Prefontaine be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage, including but not limited to special,
incidental, consequential or other damages. The entire risk related to the quality and performance of the program is on you.
Format of xBase Files
xBase File Types
xBase File Types and Extensions
Ext. | File Type | Introduced or used by |
.$$$ | temporary file | dBASE III |
.$db | temporary file | dBASE IV |
.act | FoxDoc Action Diagrams | FoxPro |
.app | application object file | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.app | generated application | FoxPro |
.bak | Backup file | dBASE |
.bar | horizontal bar menu object file | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.bin | Binary files | dBASE |
.bch | batch process object file | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.cac | executable when caching on/off | dBASE IV |
.cat | catalog | dBASE III, IV |
.cdx | compound index | FoxPro |
.ch | header file | Clipper |
.cht | interface file for ChartMaster | dBASE |
.clp | compiler script file (clip list) | Clipper |
.cmd | command | dBASE – Waffle |
.cod | template source file | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.cpt | encrypted memo file | dBASE |
.crp | encrypted database | dBASE IV |
.ctl | control file | dBASE IV – Aldus Setup |
.cvt | backup file for CONVERTed database file | dBASE IV |
.db | configuration | dBASE |
.db$ | temporary file | dBASE |
.db2 | database | dBASE II |
.db3 | database | dBASE III |
.dbf | database file | dBASE – FoxPro |
.dbk | database backup | dBASE IV |
.dbo | compiled program | dBASE IV |
.dbt | FoxBASE+ style memo | FoxPro |
.dbt | memo file for database w/same name | dBASE – Clipper |
.def | Definitions list | dBASE |
.dif | Data Interchange Format. For APPEND FROM, COPY | dBASE – VisiCal |
.doc | Documentation text file | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.fil | files list object file | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.fky | macro file | FoxPro |
.fmo | compiled format file | dBASE IV |
.fmt | format file | dBASE – FoxPro – Clipper |
.fp | configuration file | FoxPro |
.fpc | catalog | FoxPro |
.fpt | memo | FoxPro |
.fr3 | renamed dBASE III+ form file | dBASE IV |
.frg | uncompiled report file, code fragment file | dBASE IV |
.frm | report file | dBASE – Clipper |
.fro | compiled report file | dBASE IV |
.frt | report memo | FoxPro |
.frx | report | FoxPro |
.fw2 | Framework spreadsheet or database file | Framework – dBASE |
.fxp | compiled format | FoxPro |
.gen | compiled template | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.idx | index (many) | FoxPro |
.ind | include index | dBASE IV |
.inx | index | FoxBase |
.key | Key macro library | dBASE |
.lbg | label generator data | dBASE IV |
.lbl | label | dBASE – Clipper |
.lbo | compiled label | dBASE IV |
.lbt | label memo | FoxPro |
.lbx | label | FoxPro |
.ld1 | overlay file | dBASE |
.log | Transaction log file | dBASE |
.mbk | multiple index file backup | dBASE IV |
.mdx | multiple index file | dBASE IV |
.mem | memory variable save file | dBASE – FoxPro |
.mnt | menu memo | FoxPro |
.mnx | menu | FoxPro |
.mpr | generated program | FoxPro |
.mpx | compiled menu program | FoxPro |
.ndx | index file | dBASE |
.npi | source for DGEN.EXE interpreter | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.ntx | index file | Clipper |
.pjt | project memo | FoxPro |
.pjx | project | FoxPro |
.plb | library | FoxPro |
.pll | pre-linked library | Clipper |
.plt | pre-linked transfer file | Clipper |
.pop | pop-up menu object | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.ppo | pre-processor output | Clipper |
.pr2 | printer driver | dBASE IV |
.pr3 | PostScript printer driver | dBASE IV |
.prf | printer driver | dBASE IV |
.prg | program source file | dBASE – FoxPro – Clipper |
.prs | procedure | dBASE IV |
.prt | Print dump | dBASE |
.prx | compiled program | FoxPro |
.qbe | saved query (Query By Example) | dBASE IV – Quattro Pro |
.qbo | compiled query | dBASE IV |
.qpr | generated query program | FoxPro |
.qpx | compiled query program | FoxPro |
.qry | query | dBASE IV |
.res | dBASE resources | dBASE IV |
.rpd | Rapid file. For IMPORT/EXPORT,APPEND FROM, COPY | dBASE |
.sc3 | renamed dBASE III screen mask file | dBASE IV |
.scr | screen – screen snapshot | dBASE IV |
.sct | screen memo | FoxPro |
.scx | screen | FoxPro |
.spr | generated screen program | FoxPro |
.spx | compiled screen program | FoxPro |
.str | structure list object file | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.t44 | Temporary file for Sort or Index | dBASE IV |
.tbk | memo backup | dBASE IV – FoxPro |
.tvf | table view settings | dBASE |
.upd | update data | dBASE |
.upo | compiled update data | dBASE |
.val | values list object file | dBASE Appl. Generator |
.vew | view file | Clipper, Lotus Approach |
.vue | view | dBASE IV – FoxPro |
.w44 | temporary file for Sort or Index | dBASE |
.wfm | form object | dBASE Form Designer |
.win | window file | FoxPro – dBASE |
Source : http://www.clicketyclick.dk/databases/xbase/format/index.html
Notes:
– Such a list can’t be perfect. Some item may be obsolete / forgotten and something may not exist when this list compiled.
– “Clipper” may not include all versions of Clipper.
– Most of Clipper files are supported by Harbour.
HbRun
HbRun is a console interpreter and program ( command file / script file / .prg / .hrb ) runner for the Harbour Language.
Addendum: a clarification by Przemek:
HBRUN is a simple wrapper to Harbour compiler so the same syntax as in
Cl*pper is supported:
DO <filename>[.prg]
only .prg is accepted as extension and it’s default so you do not
have to set it explicitly.
( In Harbour Users Google group, under “hbmk2 and the Dot Prompt” topic:
It can work as interpreter when invoked without parameters or can execute xBase / Harbour source code in .prg file or compiled Harbour Portable Objects (.hrb) file given as parameter.
Type of file is recognized by extension used with <file> parameter. If not given then .hrb is used.
In other words, HbRun can be use in both interpret and batch mode.
Regarding parameter given or not, when calling HbRun this ‘mode’ determined by program itself. If a parameter ( usually a .prg or .hrb file name ) given, program run in ‘batch’ mode, runs (executes) given script file and end. If no parameter given, program enter interpreter mode.
Using HbRun as an interpreter, may be very useful, productive, and educative for xBase programmers. Too many xBase programmers was learned everything, including DBF file system and xBase programming language by famous “dot prompt”. Today many xBase programmers uses HbRun daily basis.
When HbRun begin, open a console screen with two basic area: status bars at top and dot prompt line at bottom.
Status bars :
Dot prompt is quite simple visually: a dot and a line in inverse color beginning with a blinking cursor :
You may enter here a command to see the result.
For example “DIR” command will give a list of database (.dbf) files in current directory:
SET COLO TO “GR+/N” command will remember you old days :
The DIR command can be used with DOS style “filter / skeleton” parameter :
DIR *.PRG
DIR *.*
etc.
Inspecting any table ( .dbf file ) is very simple:
USE CLIENTS
BROWSE ()
Expand a little:
SET COLO TO “GB+/N”
USE CLIENTS
BROWSE( 3, 10, 24, 60 )
If you plan to use this snap frequently, make a .prg file (say brwclien.prg) with this three line and run it with DO command:
DO BRWCLIEN
Sometime LIST command may be better:
LIST CL_ID, CLI_SNAM, CLI_NAME, CLI_TLF
You can add FOR clause to the LIST command:
LIST CL_ID, CLI_SNAM, CLI_NAME, CLI_TLF FOR RECN() < 10
or
LIST CL_ID, CLI_SNAM, CLI_NAME, CLI_TLF FOR EMPTY( CLI_TLF )
The structure info of a table frequently requires while daily work to xBase Programmers.
Here three small programs for obtain structure info of a table. Usage is quite simple: open ( USE ) your table and enter DO <prgFileName>; for example:
USE CLIENT
DO LISTSTRU
or
DO DISPSTRU
or
DO SAVESTRU
Notes :
– To avoid some possible screen metric conflicts caused by default console (DOS box) settings of OS, may be useful some adjusting before invoke HbRun; such as:
MODE CON LINES=48 COLS=128
– “?” command may be useful as a built-in calculator :
? 2*2 // 4
? 2**8 // 256
? SQRT( 81 ) // 9
– HbRun keep a “history” for commands entered (for a limited count of commands of course). You can access (and re-enter when required) by using up and down keys. Moreover this history may be usable after re-invoke HbRun.
– Though Harbour Language is essential, some legal Harbour commands / functions may be un-recognizable by HbRun.
– Though some legal statements works in interpret mode, may not works in batch mode (such as Browse() ).
Last Note : No further explanation required for experienced xBase programmers; try, see and learn.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Examples :
/* DispStru.prg Display structure of current table ( .dbf file ) on screen. */ MEMVAR ASTRUCT, NTOTLEN IF EMPTY( ALIAS() ) SETCOLOR( "R/N" ) ? "No active table in the current work area !", LTRIM( STR( SELECT() ) ) ELSE @ 3, 0 CLEA TO MAXROW() - 1, MAXCOL() aStruct := DBSTRUCT() nTotLen := 1 AEVAL( aStruct, { | a1Field | nTotLen += a1Field[ 3 ] } ) AEVAL( aStruct, { | a1Field, n1FieldNo | ; aStruct[ n1FieldNo ] := STR( n1FieldNo, 3 ) + " " +; PADR( a1Field[ 1 ], 12 ) +; PADC( a1Field[ 2 ], 4 ) +; PADL( a1Field[ 3 ], 5 ) +; PADL( a1Field[ 4 ], 3 ) } ) ? "Structure of database :", DBINFO( 10 ) ? "Number of data records :", LTRIM( STR( LASTREC() ) ) ? "Date of last update :", LUPDATE() ? "Fld Name Type Width Dec" ? "--- ---------- ---- ----- ---" @ 21,0 SAY "** Total ** " + PADL( nTotLen, 6 ) ACHOICE( 8, 0, 20, 30, aStruct ) ENDIF ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /* ListStru.prg List structure of current table ( .dbf file ) on screen. */ MEMVAR ASTRUCT, NTOTLEN IF EMPTY( ALIAS() ) SETCOLOR( "R/N" ) ? "No active table in the current work area !", LTRIM( STR( SELECT() ) ) ELSE @ 3, 0 CLEA TO MAXROW() - 1, MAXCOL() aStruct := DBSTRUCT() nTotLen := 1 AEVAL( aStruct, { | a1Field | nTotLen += a1Field[ 3 ] } ) AEVAL( aStruct, { | a1Field, n1FieldNo | ; aStruct[ n1FieldNo ] := STR( n1FieldNo, 3 ) + " " +; PADR( a1Field[ 1 ], 12 ) +; PADC( a1Field[ 2 ], 4 ) +; PADL( a1Field[ 3 ], 5 ) +; PADL( a1Field[ 4 ], 3 ) } ) ? "Structure of database :", DBINFO( 10 ) ? "Number of data records :", LTRIM( STR( LASTREC() ) ) ? "Date of last update :", LUPDATE() ? "Fld Name Type Width Dec" ? "--- ---------- ---- ----- ---" AEVAL( aStruct, { | c1Field | QOUT( c1Field ) } ) ? "** Total ** ", PADL( nTotLen, 5 ) ENDIF ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /* SaveStru.prg Save structure of current table ( .dbf file ) to a file. Notes : - This program uses ListStru.prg - Name of target file constructed at line 18; if required you may use alternate ways or simply using a constant. */ MEMVAR AlteFName IF EMPTY( ALIAS() ) SETCOLOR( "R/N" ) ? "No active table in the current work area !", LTRIM( STR( SELECT() ) ) ELSE AlteFName := LEFT( ALIAS(), 4 ) + "STRU" SET ALTE TO &AlteFName SET ALTE ON DO LISTSTRU SET ALTE OFF SET ALTE TO ENDIF ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The secrets of array handling, part 2.
Conditional compilation
Linker Terms
Dynamic Overlay :
Allows a module’s code to be divided into pages to be brought into and out of memory on a least recently used basis.
Freeformat :
The suggested command interface for .RTLink, allowing you to specify linker commands in any order on the command line. It is easier to create, examine and change FREEFORMAT command lines. It is compatible with the Plink86-Plus syntax.
Group :
An Intel 8086 addressing classification defining a collection of segments to be addressed using the same segment register. Note that a group is not a section but rather a logical concept used only for addressing.
Incremental Linking :
The ability to link only the modules of an application that have been changed, greatly increasing the speed in which the link occurs.
See Also: Linking, Module
Library :
A file containing one or more object modules. Modules are extracted by linker and combined with object files to form an executable (.EXE) file or a prelink library (.PLL) file.
Linking :
The process in which object files and libraries are combined and references are resolved to produce a relocatable memory image (generally, an executable).
Map File (.MAP) :
The map file (.MAP) contains information about symbol and segment addresses within the memory image created by .RTLink. It is generated when requested through the use of the appropriate command line switch. A map file generated during a link will have much more information than one produced during the creation of a prelinked library. During the .PLL creation, only symbols, names, and some relative addresses are known. During a link, the final memory layout is known, and a more detailed map can be created.
Module :
A portion of the object code that is a discrete unit. If any part of a module is linked, the entire module must be linked.
Overlay :
A section of an executable program that shares memory with other sections of the same program. An overlay is read into memory when the code residing in it is requested by the root (nonoverlayed) section or another overlay.
See Also: Dynamic Overlay
Positional :
The POSITIONAL command interface requires that certain items appear on the input line in a specific order. This syntax is similar to Microsoft LINK interface. Because this syntax limits the use of .RTLink overlays to one overlay area, it is recommended that the FREEFORMAT syntax be used.
Prelinked Library :
Part of the executable program that is stored external to the .EXE file. Prelinked libraries are created before producing an executable in a multistep link. This allows you to create a runtime library with code that you access from different programs, considerably speeding up the linking process.
Root :
A special section of the program that has the lowest address of all sections. This is the first section of the program loaded into memory by DOS or the RTLINKST.COM startup code. Other sections are loaded by the overlay manager.
Section :
Load module portion of an .EXE or .OVL file loaded into memory as a single unit. In a program with overlays, the root section containing the main program module loads when the program is executed. Other sections are loaded as overlays when modules within them are invoked.
See Also: Dynamic Overlay, Linking
Segment :
Code or data handled by the linker as a indivisible unit.
Static Overlay :
A section of the program that is not always resident in RAM, and shares memory with other sections. The section that is currently in use is loaded into memory, allowing a larger program to execute in less available RAM.
Swapfile :
Also known as the workfile, used by .RTLink to swap data and code in and out of memory during the linking process.
Symbol :
An assigned name for a value representing a constant or the address of code or data. There are four types of symbols used by the linker defined as follows:
. Absolute symbol: a constant
. Relative symbol: address of code or data
. Public symbol: accessed by modules other than the module in which they are defined. Public symbols are used to share procedures and variables between modules. As such, the relative address of a public symbol is assigned by the compiler during compilation.
. External symbol: a public symbol not defined in the current module. Generally, these are references into CLIPPER.LIB or EXTEND.LIB, but the compiler generates them whenever there is a procedure or user-defined function referenced but not compiled into the current module.
Undefined Symbol :
An unresolved symbol) that was never declared public by a module, but which is referenced by another module. After the public symbol definition is encountered, the symbol becomes defined (resolved). When a symbol is referenced, but not defined, it is said to be undefined.
Workfile :
See : Swapfile